Which measure is NOT typically included in the measures of epidemiology?

In the context of epidemiology, measures are utilized to assess the health status and outcomes within a population. Mortality, life expectancy, and morbidity are all direct indicators of health. Mortality refers to the death rate in a population, providing insight into the leading causes of death and overall population health. Life expectancy measures the average period a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates, reflecting the general health conditions and longevity of a population. Morbidity indicates the incidence and prevalence of diseases or health conditions, thereby illustrating the burden of illness within the community.

In contrast, income level is not a direct epidemiological measure. While income can influence health outcomes and access to healthcare, it does not report on health status or disease frequency itself. Rather, it falls under social determinants of health, which include various factors such as socioeconomic status, education, and environment that affect health indirectly. Thus, income level is relevant to understanding health disparities but is not classified as a measure of epidemiology like the other options.